With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Roman Empire finally collapsed. The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. The imperial seat moved from Rome to Byzantium in 330. Diocletian set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West in 286 Christians rose to power in the 4th century following the Edict of Milan. It was reunified under Aurelian ( r. 270–275).
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In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence, as the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away from the Roman state, and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire. Rome reached its greatest territorial expanse under Trajan (AD 98–117) a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (180–192). The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( lit.
The vast Roman territories were organized in senatorial and imperial provinces. The Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching power ( imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor of a monarchy with Rome as its sole capital. Rome had expanded its rule to most of the Mediterranean and beyond, but became severely destabilized in civil wars and political conflicts which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. The adoption of Christianity as the state church in 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. It included territory around the Mediterranean in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. The Roman Empire was the post- Republican state of ancient Rome.
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